Youth Empowerment

The future of Syria depends on its youth, but the war has put their lives and dreams on hold. Investment in this generation is imperative to pave the way for a robust and complete reconstruction of Syria and the surrounding region.

Syrian youth possess the power to create incredible change, but each passing day distances them from realizing their capabilities. It is crucial to forge a clear path forward to facilitate access to education, foster community ties, and nurture their futures.

Active involvement of youth in governance is essential, providing them a powerful voice for nonviolent transformation. The focus should be on developing them into leaders and advocating for their rightful place at decision-making tables. The demonstration of peaceful engagement can serve as a model for achieving stability.

Despite coming of age in a conflict-ridden environment, this generation has the capacity to leave behind a legacy of peace. We refuse to leave their futures up to fate.

HRO focuses on youth because their critical stage of development has placed them at a crossroads. Prior to the war, over 70 percent of Syrian adolescents were enrolled in secondary school, and the country boasted a 95 percent literacy rate. However, their pursuit of education has transformed into a struggle for survival, with only (insert percentage) percent currently enrolled in school and a literacy rate of (insert percentage).

HRO collaborates with Syria’s youth, recognizing them as catalysts for change, driven by a passion to envision a better world and the determination to construct it. Given the opportunity, they can lead lives of significance, contributing to the establishment of new hospitals, the shaping of emerging economies, and mentoring future generations.

Art Therapy

Hope Revival Organization (HRO) is dedicated to enriching the skills of its team through engaging and high-quality art therapy training. This initiative aims to elevate both the theoretical and practical expertise of our personnel in delivering non-formal education activities through art, benefiting both young refugees and local peers.

Our most recent endeavor, “Rethinking Arts for Cohesion, Trust, and Inclusion,” was a collaborative effort with ARCS Italy. The project centered around crafting and implementing a tailored capacity-building program. This involved conducting workshops for local partner organizations, empowering them with the knowledge and skills to utilize art in creating impactful performative storytelling experiences with youth.

Engaging 22 youth workers from HRO and our partners in Lebanon and Jordan, the training significantly enhanced their ability to connect with young refugee communities. By providing a platform for self-expression and fostering social cohesion with local peers, we believe in making a lasting impact.

In Gaziantep, HRO facilitated drama therapy workshops designed to instigate positive behavioral changes, improve interpersonal relationship skills, and encourage positive participation. As a result of this project, we have successfully developed a context-based art therapy training toolkit available in three languages: English, Arabic, and Turkish.

A Psychosocial Supervision Intervention for Mental Health Practitioners

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) staff often face challenges, including limited access to clinical supervision and a high risk of burnout. To address these issues, HRO participates in an academic research initiative called “Care for Carers.”

“Care for Carers” is designed to improve the quality and sustainability of mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian contexts. This international collaboration involves the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia, the University of Dhaka in Bangladesh, and Koç University in Turkey. The aim of the project is to enhance the quality of MHPSS programs for staff in Syria, Turkey, and Bangladesh through a video conference-based clinical supervision program. The project targets displaced Rohingya communities in Bangladesh and Syrian communities in Turkey and Northwest Syria. Research spans 39 months, with supervision conducted every two weeks, and online data collected monthly. The approach emphasizes learning through inquiry, listening, reflection, adaptability, and collaboration. The project aims to demonstrate that online supervision can improve the well-being and reduce burnout levels of local MHPSS practitioners and enhance their technical skills, thus increasing the perceived satisfaction, acceptability, and appropriateness of the beneficiaries.

PROTECTION
HRO aims to help people develop the skills needed to advocate, defend, enforce human rights in daily life, and understand human rights as a way of life.

Child Rights

HRO is an NGO dedicated to empowering the younger generation, supporting their struggle to heal from pain and suffering, and fostering their role as catalysts for democratic change, inclusive peace, and stability in Syria. Recognizing children and youth as vital to this transformation, we launched an initiative to address violence against children and enhance awareness of their rights.

Our approach involved creating engaging, child-friendly content, including stories and videos. These resources introduce children to human rights and civil liberties through the engaging tales of adventurous friends and their exotic pets, each endowed with unique imaginative abilities and involved in extraordinary adventures. These materials serve to advocate, protect, and uphold human rights in everyday life.

Over a six-month campaign, we focused on several key objectives:

• Educating children, caregivers, and the community about the rights of children.
• To combat violence against children, especially abuse and exploitation
• Addressing and countering the various forms of violence against children, with a focus on abuse and exploitation
• Engaging and activating the community to prevent and respond to violence against children, including supporting a robust reporting and intervention system
• Highlighting and advocating for protective measures and support services for child victims of violence
• Enhancing children’s self-esteem, confidence, and overall well-being through empowerment and education

Psychological Support for Victims of Torture

We aim to provide vital psychosocial support to Syrians engaged in European universal jurisdiction trials, be it as witnesses or victims. Through our Customized Psychosocial Support (PSS) Assessment, we tailor our response to the unique needs of each individual in our project.

Our emphasis is on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS), with over 300 remote counseling sessions conducted, reaching 60 victims and witnesses. We provide educational content to Syrian victims, survivors, or witnesses in Europe, through targeted videos and online seminars on relevant MHPSS topics, live-streamed on HRO’s social media platforms and other prominent media stations in our focus areas. In collaboration with Network for Empowered Aid Response (NEAR), Oxfam, and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), HRO is developing a human rights advocacy toolkit to raise awareness and encourage participation in addressing the Syrian humanitarian situation.

Committed to empowering communities and promoting human rights, our program has trained over 240 human rights workers and community stakeholders in Northwest Syria and Turkey, through Training of Trainers (ToT) sessions and subsequent roll-out training. Continuous online mentorship ensures effective knowledge application, emphasizing lessons learned and best practices. We advocate for protection awareness, targeting the prevention and mitigation of protection risks and concerns by implementing dedicated youth training with specialized toolkits and videos.

Additionally, we engage with the community by establishing the Community Network Committees, comprising diverse actors such as peacebuilders, human rights activists, teachers, Imams, Mukhtars, and camp managers from our trained individuals.

Women-Led Organization (WLO) Capacity Strengthening

HRO is actively supporting women-led organizations within Syria that currently face limited access to technical knowledge and capacity-building programs. This limitation poses a challenge to their ability to take the lead in protection initiatives within communities and exert influence on decision-making processes and resource allocation.

The primary goal of HRO is to broaden the technical knowledge of these organizations in the realm of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) technical knowledge, women’s rights, and gender equality. Additionally, HRO is equipping their administrative staff with essential organizational capacity topics, including grants management, resource allocation, compliance, and any other necessary training. This initiative, started in 2019, is a comprehensive, long-term effort.

To date, HRO has successfully supported 20 Women-Led Organizations (WLOs) and remains committed to assisting more. The overarching aim is to contribute significantly to the advancement of women’s rights, economic empowerment, and social change. This, in turn, is expected to have a profound and positive impact on the lives of women and their communities.

Older Generations/Senior Citizens

Income-generating activities / resources

HRO is actively engaged in projects that support the economic and psychological well being of the elderly in northwest Syria, particularly in Azaz. Our initiatives focus on empowering older adults with digital literacy sessions and vocational training, equipping them with essential skills to foster independence and dignity. Especially in the wake of the earthquakes, our goal is to bolster the economic security of these individuals, providing them with the necessary resources to either initiate or grow their businesses, thereby ensuring they can meet their basic needs and maintain their dignity.

In addition to practical skills, we prioritize soft skills training. Our livelihood officers conduct sessions to enhance interpersonal abilities, problem-solving, work management, effective communication, stress management, and resilience.

Social Services

Our commitment to social services is unwavering, especially in response to the displacement caused by the 2023 earthquakes. We’ve established an earthquake Support Line specifically for the elderly and people with disabilities, offering both structured and unstructured psychosocial support (PSS) activities to alleviate their distress. Our projects aim to address immediate and long-term safety and wellbeing concerns, including mental health challenges, while also elevating community awareness and capacity to prevent and respond to protection risks.

The HRO medical team is dedicated to providing personal care through home visits, offering both medical assistance and social support. We also ensure that transportation services are available for the elderly, facilitating their access to necessary facilities and services.

Mobile Clinic

HRO is dedicated to enhancing healthcare services for older individuals (aged 50 and above) in Northwest Syria. Our commitment extends to the operation of mobile clinics that provide not only curative services but also the early detection of medical conditions among the older population. These mobile clinics traverse the regions of Azaz and Aghtrin, reaching out directly to those living in rural areas or facing challenges in accessing clinic-based care. Our services include the distribution of medication for chronic diseases, as well as mobility aids such as crutches and wheelchairs.

Each mobile unit is staffed by a dedicated team comprising one doctor and two nurses, ensuring personalized and comprehensive care for our older patients. Beyond immediate medical attention, HRO is proactive in conducting health promotion sessions aimed at disease prevention and encouraging older people and their families to actively manage their health.

To facilitate access to broader healthcare services, our nurses utilize a detailed mapping of available services in the area to refer older patients as per their specific health requirements.

Women and Girls Safe Spaces

For six consecutive years, Hope revival Organization has implemented its project of providing safe spaces for women and adolescent girls in its two centers. The primary purpose of this project is to safeguard and prevent gender-based violence by fostering self-empowerment, self-awareness, and self-esteem among women of all ages. Furthermore, These safe spaces serve as platforms for integrated activities designed to assimilate women and adolescent girls into society, reconstruct social networks, and equip them with essential skills, as well as provide access to response services.

The array of services offered within these safe spaces includes:

• Rebuilding social networks and receiving socialization support.
• Acquiring contextually relevant skills.
• Access to safe and non-stigmatizing services related to gender-based violence, including psychosocial, legal, and medical support
• Receiving information on topics concerning women’s rights, health, and available services.

These services are achieved through the following key activities:

• Case management and psychosocial support services, including information and awareness sessions, awareness-raising programs, and life skills development.
• Mobile teams targeting gathering points for women and adolescent girls.
• Providing life skills and non-formal education activities, encompassing English language courses, literacy classes, and computer classes.
• Offering micro-grants to support socio-economic independence.
• Providing babysitting services to mothers, encouraging their visits to the centers, as well as organizing child-friendly and recreational activities.

Child-Friendly Spaces in Emergencies

A child-friendly space is a secure and accessible environment established for children of all ages and genders affected by emergencies. It could be a tent, a fenced-off area under the shade of a tree, or a designated room. Child-friendly spaces offer a range of recreational activities including games, sports, singing, drama, structured play, and arts and crafts. They also provide non-formal education, including life skill lessons, for children whose education has been disrupted by crises. In times of turmoil, group activities allow children to come together, make connections, and build routine and stability. Children have a safe space to process their feelings, interact with trusted adults, and seek support, which contributes to improving their well-being and reducing their stress. Protection workers can also observe and identify vulnerable children in these spaces and provide necessary support to those who are experiencing abuse, neglect, exploitation, or violence. They can refer children in severe distress to specialized services as well.

Multi-Purpose Community Centers

Hope Revival Organization delivers Integrated Social Services to both displaced individuals and local communities. Our approach is simple yet impactful—we believe in a multi-sectoral strategy to address a variety of needs and provide holistic solutions.

Our Community-based Protection (CBP) services are centered around the concept of multi-purpose community centers. These centers serve as safe and welcoming spaces where people of all backgrounds—women, men, boys, and girls—can come together for social and recreational activities. More importantly, these centers offer a range of integrated protection services.

At our five community centers in Syria’s northwest, individuals can access a comprehensive set of services tailored to their humanitarian needs. From legal aid, non-formal education, and livelihood support to psycho-social support, SGBV prevention and response, and child protection interventions, we cover it all.

Our aim is to empower displaced individuals, making them the protagonists of their own journey towards empowerment and realization. The tools and support provided through these centers play a crucial role in helping people deal with the effects of crises and building resilience.

Key Activities at our Multi-Purpose Community Centers:

1. Raise Awareness and Advocate for the Community: We provide awareness-raising campaigns, community-based advocacy, and initiatives focused on women’s empowerment.
2. Legal and Social Advisory Services: Offering legal aid, social advisory, and information services to address the diverse needs of the community.
3. Psychosocial Support and Recreational Activities: Providing a safe space for psychosocial support, cultural, recreational, and social activities to foster a sense of community.
4. Livelihood Programs: Implementing small-scale livelihood programs to support economic empowerment.
5. Non-Formal Education and Skills Development: Offering opportunities for non-formal education and skills development, enabling individuals to acquire new skills for personal and professional growth.

Media Coverage in the Humanitarian Context: A Guideline for Journalists and Communication Specialists

In Syria, reporting on issues like gender-based violence, sexual exploitation, and abuse remains challenging for journalists due to cultural sensitivities and complexity. Over the past decade, crises, displacement, economic decline, and the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated violence, especially in areas where tradition and religion play important roles. These critical issues are often underreported, contributing to the perpetuation of stereotypes and a culture of impunity. 

Journalists should uphold ethical principles, such as prioritizing accuracy, fairness, respect for interviewees, and the protection of vulnerable individuals. Failure to do so can unintentionally contribute to re-traumatizing survivors and allowing perpetrators to evade prosecution.

Our project seeks to provide more information on ethical considerations – during interviews and reporting, on causes, contributing factors, basic human rights, and humanitarian principles – to Syrian journalists, and other journalists in war-torn communities.

Furthermore, our project ensures that Syrian NGOs, civil society organizations, and media agencies can safely report on harmful social norms perpetuating gender inequality, sexual violence, and gender-based violence, and that journalists are equipped to report on complex and culturally sensitive issues with an improved sense of well-being, through:

• Online Capacity Building Sessions for 100 Journalists: by providing training on gender dimensions, human rights, humanitarian principles, GBV, gender stereotypes, and discrimination in narratives surrounding the conflict (e.g., honor crime, child marriage)
• Developing contextualized adapted guidance notes: by creating tailored guidance notes to assist NGOs, CSOs, and Media Agencies in producing stronger, more impactful stories on gender-based violence. Develop these notes based on insights from focus group discussions and consultations with relevant trainees and stakeholders

Integrating MHPSS services into Health Facilities

In line with its commitment to promoting mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in Northwest Syria (NWS), Hope Revival Organization (HRO) has initiated a unique and comprehensive project. This project integrates Mental Health within Health Facilities (HFs) to offer a diverse range of MHPSS services, aiming to enhance accessibility for those in need. The project addresses gaps in MHPSS services, tackles stigmatization, and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. It aims to strengthen the integration of MHPSS as a complementary component in 22 HFs across NWS, providing quality interventions both within and outside these facilities. Additionally, staff-care activities are implemented to help cope with stress, occupational burnout, and fatigue. Continuous supervision sessions for project staff are conducted to ensure the delivery of high-quality MHPSS services throughout the project.

Recognizing the importance of outreach activities, HRO views them as a crucial component of the project. These activities serve to connect the organization with potential and vulnerable beneficiaries who may need MHPSS services but are unaware of service providers like HRO. Challenges such as the lack of transportation services and fear of stigma further underscore the need for field outreach visits. These visits serve as entry points to reach a large number of beneficiaries, disseminate information about project services, and encourage participation across age and community groups seeking MHPSS services.

The key components of the project include:

1. Providing MHPSS individual consultations inside and outside health facilities.
2. Conducting MHPSS group activities inside and outside health facilities.
3. Establishing a safe referral pathway, including the identification and referral of beneficiaries.
4. Facilitating staff care and peer support sessions for Psychosocial Workers (PSWs) and healthcare staff within the facilities.
5. Offering individual supervision sessions for PSWs.
6. Conducting group supervision sessions for PSWs.

Kherbet Eljoz MHPSS Stand-Alone Clinic

In its commitment to mitigating the adverse impacts on the mental health and well-being of war-affected Syrian populations, Hope Revival Organization (HRO) strives to enhance access to comprehensive Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) services in Kherbet Eljoz.

The clinic, a pivotal component of this initiative, is dedicated to ensuring the sustained provision of long-term, specialized, and targeted MHPSS services in densely populated and critically underserved areas, housing both Internally Displaced People (IDPs) and new arrivals in Northwest Syria, particularly in the Idleb Governorate. The clinic employs a combination of fixed MHPSS and mobile clinics to effectively reach communities in need. At present, the MHPSS stand-alone clinic delivers consultations, including psychotropic treatments, for the war-affected populations in the area. The clinic’s staff comprises a part-time Resident Psychiatrist, one Psychologist, and three full-time Psychosocial Workers (PSWs), representing both genders.

Interventions focus on moderate to severe psychological conditions affecting diverse demographics from children to women to individuals with disabilities. Common issues addressed include depression, stress, grief, anger, and more. These challenges often stem from prolonged crises, frequent displacements, and the erosion of institutional systems such as health, education, and social networks over recent years.

War-affected people gain access to psychotropics by trained doctors, non-pharmacological psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, consultation through PM+, psychological first aid (PFA), psycho-education, identification and referral to specialized and non-specialized services based on case management approaches, and awareness-raising sessions on MHPSS key topics and messages.

Peacebuilding and Community Resilience

Hope Revival is dedicated to building resilient communities in Northwest Syria by enhancing conflict resolution skills and reconstructing communication channels among conflicting parties.

​​In the current scenario, peace and coexistence are distant concepts to people in Northwest Syria. Conflict has left society weaker than ever; people are emotionally traumatized by war, and in fact, some of the youth only know of war. Violence, stressful conditions, and a lack of political solutions contribute to increased conflicts and divisions within society. Furthermore, high population density coupled with limited resources, old infrastructure, rising living costs, and overcrowding in facilities cause increased tensions between host communities and displaced people, which often leads to disputes.

Hope Revival addresses this critical gap by focusing on peacebuilding and community resilience. The organization implements a comprehensive Training of Trainers (ToT) program, which includes training social workers from the Hope Revival field project team to become trainers in peacebuilding and community resilience. These trainers then transfer their knowledge to community actors who actively contribute to peace initiatives. The program involves roll-out training, awareness-raising, community dialogue, community campaigns, and the creation of child-friendly awareness videos. Through these efforts, Hope Revival strives to build stronger communities.

Provision of Protection Against Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) in Idleb and Aleppo Governorates, NW Syria

This program is designed to mitigate the risks of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) for all segments of the affected population in NW Syria receiving humanitarian assistance. Our goal is to strengthen and standardize PSEA protection, prevention, and response measures by increasing community ability to prevent and address SEA incidents committed by humanitarian workers in an effective and context-specific manner.

HRO integrates PSEA initiatives into our protection and MHPSS (Mental Health and Psychosocial Support) centers, as well as our outreach teams in Idleb and Aleppo governorates. The focus is on raising PSEA awareness and reinforcing risk mitigation, prevention, and response efforts. We prioritize vulnerable and at-risk host communities and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in widows’ camps, reception centers, and schools. Our field teams, consisting of two gender-balanced PSEA focal points, are actively engaged in awareness-raising, training, reporting of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) cases, safe identification, and referral processes, with the aim of ensuring timely and secure assistance for survivors. Furthermore, PSEA focal points receive in-depth training from HRO, covering concepts of PSEA, Gender-Based Violence (GBV), Child Protection (CP) case management, safe identification and referral, inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), Psychological First Aid (PFA), self-care, stress management, and suicide prevention.

In addition, HRO has developed the Self-awareness and Reading App (SARA) to equip frontline humanitarian workers across various sectors (health, shelter, education, etc.), community members (local councils, Muhtars, human rights activists, etc.), and the conflict-affected population in Syria with essential knowledge on protecting against sexual abuse and exploitation (PSEA).

Empowering Through Education

At Hope Revival Organization (HRO), we are committed to fostering safe and nurturing learning environments for children through our in-school psychosocial support services project. Our main objective is to empower teachers and headmasters to guide children through challenges, losses, and psychosocial adversities while actively promoting child protection.

How We Do It:

Through engaging training sessions and workshops, we equip teachers with practical tools, skills, and methods to effectively address the psychosocial needs of their students. Our focus is on maximizing cognitive resources for educational purposes, steering attention away from the impact of current events.

Key Skills Development:

• Integrated Teaching Approach: Learn to easily integrate psychosocial and psycho-pedagogic components into daily lessons.
• Individual Support: Provide personalized support to children in need.
• Parental Collaboration: Work collaboratively with parents to create a holistic support system.
• Self-Care and Staff-Care: Manage personal traumas and adversities through self-care practices, creating a resilient and supportive staff.

HRO’s Goal:

Our ultimate goal is to create a supportive ecosystem that empowers educators, positively impacting the lives of children and contributing to the overall well-being of communities.

Self-Awareness and Reading App (SARA) Mobile Application

In our effort to integrate Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) across humanitarian sectors, HRO introduces the Self-awareness and Reading App (SARA). This innovative tool is designed to empower frontline workers, community actors, and the conflict-affected population in Syria by delivering essential knowledge on PSEA. SARA’s coverage extends across key sectors such as Health, Shelter, WASH, Protection, and Education.

Available in Turkish, SARA provides a customized training approach across various topics, including organizations working with children, sexual harassment, safe identification and referral, investigation standards, and Cyber SEA. It had a pivotal role during the challenges posed by COVID-19, overcoming barriers for beneficiaries who faced difficulties attending face-to-face sessions. SARA stands as a vital resource in advancing our commitment to PSEA integration and ensuring comprehensive awareness and training across diverse sectors.

Key Aspects of SARA:

• Diverse Content: Dive into in-depth articles tailored to your interests.
• Saved Reads: Bookmark and seamlessly resume your reading journey.
• Badges: Acknowledge your progress and efforts.
• My Assessments: Test your knowledge and share your scores.
• Media: Explore optional downloadable videos and audio recordings.
• Resources: Access additional guidance for PSEA response programming.
• Glossary: Understand key PSEA terms through comprehensive definitions.

In addition to its user-friendly features, SARA is designed to achieve the following specific objectives:

• Technology-Based Access: Ensure uninterrupted access to PSEA training and awareness-raising, particularly during periods of restricted face-to-face sessions, such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic
• Extended Reach: Reach diverse populations while adapting to trends in displacement and movement.

SARA delves deeper into concepts such as PSEA definitions, reporting channels of the PSEA Network NWS, self-evaluation quizzes, interactive scenarios, and tools/resources developed by the PSEA Network. SARA enhances awareness with materials like videos, photos, posters, flyers, brochures, and stories.

The app addresses knowledge gaps, challenges misconceptions, and enhances capacities and awareness of PSEA prevention and response. Its features include bookmarking saved reads, optional media downloads, self-evaluation quizzes, interactive scenarios, final assessments leading to a “Certificate of Completion,” and a user feedback channel for continuous improvement.

SARA stands out as a comprehensive and accessible platform, providing a thorough understanding of PSEA and serving as a valuable resource for both frontline workers and the community in Syria.

Access SARA Mobile App:

What does psychosocial support in emergencies entail?

https://hope-revival.ngo/sara-app/

HRO provides mental health and psychosocial support to adults, children, and families to help them deal with the psychological effects of emergencies. Mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) can help people cope with the impacts of traumatic events or prolonged stress and to build supportive social structures. With access to essential services, family and community support, and security are restored, leading to the majority of people regaining a sense of normalcy.

The emphasis in MHPSS is not on adult, child, and adolescent vulnerabilities; instead, it focuses on how people can actively protect themselves in the face of adversity. Furthermore, MHPSS requires a multi-layered system of complementary support across sectors, ranging from basic services to specialized care.

One aspect of MHPSS is offering safe spaces. Structured activities in safe spaces can help adults and children explore their feelings in emergencies. Often, helping people understand their reactions and articulate their feelings can alleviate the worry that there is something wrong with them and help them see that they are experiencing a normal response to abnormal events. Having a safe space to ask questions and correct misinformation can also reduce adult and child stress. Other activities that help people deal with the psychological effects of emergencies include having a regular routine, playing and building relationships with others, developing their resilience through learning new skills, and participating in group activities.

Finally, it is important to be culturally sensitive and adaptable when providing MHPSS in emergencies. Different cultures have different ways of coping with trauma and stress, and it is important to respect these differences. For example, some cultures may prefer to talk about their experiences in groups, while others may prefer to talk to individuals. It is also important to be aware of any taboos or cultural beliefs that may affect how people respond to MHPSS interventions.